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kubeadmを使用したシングルマスタークラスターの作成

kubeadm helps you bootstrap a minimum viable Kubernetes cluster that conforms to best practices. With kubeadm, your cluster should pass Kubernetes Conformance tests. Kubeadm also supports other cluster lifecycle functions, such as upgrades, downgrade, and managing bootstrap tokens.

Because you can install kubeadm on various types of machine (e.g. laptop, server, Raspberry Pi, etc.), it’s well suited for integration with provisioning systems such as Terraform or Ansible.

kubeadm’s simplicity means it can serve a wide range of use cases:

• New users can start with kubeadm to try Kubernetes out for the first time.
• Users familiar with Kubernetes can spin up clusters with kubeadm and test their applications.
• Larger projects can include kubeadm as a building block in a more complex system that can also include other installer tools.

kubeadm is designed to be a simple way for new users to start trying Kubernetes out, possibly for the first time, a way for existing users to test their application on and stitch together a cluster easily, and also to be a building block in other ecosystem and/or installer tool with a larger scope.

You can install kubeadm very easily on operating systems that support installing deb or rpm packages. The responsible SIG for kubeadm, SIG Cluster Lifecycle, provides these packages pre-built for you, but you may also build them from source for other OSes.

kubeadmの成熟度

kubeadm’s overall feature state is GA. Some sub-features, like the configuration file API are still under active development. The implementation of creating the cluster may change slightly as the tool evolves, but the overall implementation should be pretty stable. Any commands under kubeadm alpha are by definition, supported on an alpha level.

サポート期間

Kubernetes releases are generally supported for nine months, and during that period a patch release may be issued from the release branch if a severe bug or security issue is found. Here are the latest Kubernetes releases and the support timeframe; which also applies to kubeadm.

• Before you begin
• 目的
• 説明
• クラスターの削除
• クラスターの維持
• 他アドオンの参照
• 次の手順
• フィードバック
• バージョン互換ポリシー
• kubeadmは様々なプラットフォームで動く
• 制限事項
• トラブルシューティング

Before you begin

• One or more machines running a deb/rpm-compatible OS, for example Ubuntu or CentOS
• 2 GB or more of RAM per machine. Any less leaves little room for your apps.
• 2 CPUs or more on the master
• Full network connectivity among all machines in the cluster. A public or private network is fine.

目的

• Install a single master Kubernetes cluster or high availability cluster
• Install a Pod network on the cluster so that your Pods can talk to each other

説明

kubeadmのインストール

See “Installing kubeadm”.

Note:

If you have already installed kubeadm, run apt-get update && apt-get upgrade or yum update to get the latest version of kubeadm.

When you upgrade, the kubelet restarts every few seconds as it waits in a crashloop for kubeadm to tell it what to do. This crashloop is expected and normal. After you initialize your master, the kubelet runs normally.

マスターの初期化

The master is the machine where the control plane components run, including etcd (the cluster database) and the API server (which the kubectl CLI communicates with).

1. Choose a pod network add-on, and verify whether it requires any arguments to be passed to kubeadm initialization. Depending on which third-party provider you choose, you might need to set the --pod-network-cidr to a provider-specific value. See Installing a pod network add-on.
2. (Optional) Unless otherwise specified, kubeadm uses the network interface associated with the default gateway to advertise the master’s IP. To use a different network interface, specify the --apiserver-advertise-address=<ip-address> argument to kubeadm init. To deploy an IPv6 Kubernetes cluster using IPv6 addressing, you must specify an IPv6 address, for example --apiserver-advertise-address=fd00::101
3. (Optional) Run kubeadm config images pull prior to kubeadm init to verify connectivity to gcr.io registries.
   

Now run:

kubeadm init <args> 

詳細

For more information about kubeadm init arguments, see the kubeadm reference guide.

For a complete list of configuration options, see the configuration file documentation.

To customize control plane components, including optional IPv6 assignment to liveness probe for control plane components and etcd server, provide extra arguments to each component as documented in custom arguments.

To run kubeadm init again, you must first tear down the cluster.

If you join a node with a different architecture to your cluster, create a separate Deployment or DaemonSet for kube-proxy and kube-dns on the node. This is because the Docker images for these components do not currently support multi-architecture.

kubeadm init first runs a series of prechecks to ensure that the machine is ready to run Kubernetes. These prechecks expose warnings and exit on errors. kubeadm init then downloads and installs the cluster control plane components. This may take several minutes. The output should look like:

[init] Using Kubernetes version: vX.Y.Z
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[kubeadm] WARNING: starting in 1.8, tokens expire after 24 hours by default (if you require a non-expiring token use --token-ttl 0)
[certificates] Generated ca certificate and key.
[certificates] Generated apiserver certificate and key.
[certificates] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [kubeadm-master kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 10.138.0.4]
[certificates] Generated apiserver-kubelet-client certificate and key.
[certificates] Generated sa key and public key.
[certificates] Generated front-proxy-ca certificate and key.
[certificates] Generated front-proxy-client certificate and key.
[certificates] Valid certificates and keys now exist in "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[kubeconfig] Wrote KubeConfig file to disk: "admin.conf"
[kubeconfig] Wrote KubeConfig file to disk: "kubelet.conf"
[kubeconfig] Wrote KubeConfig file to disk: "controller-manager.conf"
[kubeconfig] Wrote KubeConfig file to disk: "scheduler.conf"
[controlplane] Wrote Static Pod manifest for component kube-apiserver to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml"
[controlplane] Wrote Static Pod manifest for component kube-controller-manager to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml"
[controlplane] Wrote Static Pod manifest for component kube-scheduler to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml"
[etcd] Wrote Static Pod manifest for a local etcd instance to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml"
[init] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as Static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[init] This often takes around a minute; or longer if the control plane images have to be pulled.
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 39.511972 seconds
[uploadconfig] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[markmaster] Will mark node master as master by adding a label and a taint
[markmaster] Master master tainted and labelled with key/value: node-role.kubernetes.io/master=""
[bootstraptoken] Using token: <token>
[bootstraptoken] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstraptoken] Configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstraptoken] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run (as a regular user):

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the addon options listed at:
  http://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/addons/

You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:

  kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

To make kubectl work for your non-root user, run these commands, which are also part of the kubeadm init output:

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

Make a record of the kubeadm join command that kubeadm init outputs. You need this command to join nodes to your cluster.

The token is used for mutual authentication between the master and the joining nodes. The token included here is secret. Keep it safe, because anyone with this token can add authenticated nodes to your cluster. These tokens can be listed, created, and deleted with the kubeadm token command. See the kubeadm reference guide.

Podネットワークアドオンのインストール

Caution: This section contains important information about installation and deployment order. Read it carefully before proceeding.

You must install a pod network add-on so that your pods can communicate with each other.

The network must be deployed before any applications. Also, CoreDNS will not start up before a network is installed. kubeadm only supports Container Network Interface (CNI) based networks (and does not support kubenet).

Several projects provide Kubernetes pod networks using CNI, some of which also support Network Policy. See the add-ons page for a complete list of available network add-ons. - IPv6 support was added in CNI v0.6.0. - CNI bridge and local-ipam are the only supported IPv6 network plugins in Kubernetes version 1.9.

Note that kubeadm sets up a more secure cluster by default and enforces use of RBAC. Make sure that your network manifest supports RBAC.

Also, beware, that your Pod network must not overlap with any of the host networks as this can cause issues. If you find a collision between your network plugin’s preferred Pod network and some of your host networks, you should think of a suitable CIDR replacement and use that during kubeadm init with --pod-network-cidr and as a replacement in your network plugin’s YAML.

You can install a pod network add-on with the following command:

kubectl apply -f <add-on.yaml>

You can install only one pod network per cluster.

kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/rbac-kdd.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/kubernetes-datastore/calico-networking/1.7/calico.yaml

kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/canal/rbac.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.3/getting-started/kubernetes/installation/hosted/canal/canal.yaml

# Download required manifests from Cilium repository
wget https://github.com/cilium/cilium/archive/v1.2.0.zip
unzip v1.2.0.zip
cd cilium-1.2.0/examples/kubernetes/addons/etcd-operator

# Generate and deploy etcd certificates
export CLUSTER_DOMAIN=$(kubectl get ConfigMap --namespace kube-system coredns -o yaml | awk '/kubernetes/ {print $2}')
tls/certs/gen-cert.sh $CLUSTER_DOMAIN
tls/deploy-certs.sh

# Label kube-dns with fixed identity label
kubectl label -n kube-system pod $(kubectl -n kube-system get pods -l k8s-app=kube-dns -o jsonpath='{range .items[]}{.metadata.name}{" "}{end}') io.cilium.fixed-identity=kube-dns

kubectl create -f ./

# Wait several minutes for Cilium, coredns and etcd pods to converge to a working state

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/bc79dd1505b0c8681ece4de4c0d86c5cd2643275/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/romana/romana/master/containerize/specs/romana-kubeadm.yml

kubectl apply -f "https://cloud.weave.works/k8s/net?k8s-version=$(kubectl version | base64 | tr -d '\n')"

Once a pod network has been installed, you can confirm that it is working by checking that the CoreDNS pod is Running in the output of kubectl get pods --all-namespaces. And once the CoreDNS pod is up and running, you can continue by joining your nodes.

If your network is not working or CoreDNS is not in the Running state, check out our troubleshooting docs.

コントロールプレーンノードの隔離

By default, your cluster will not schedule pods on the master for security reasons. If you want to be able to schedule pods on the master, e.g. for a single-machine Kubernetes cluster for development, run:

kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-

With output looking something like:

node "test-01" untainted
taint "node-role.kubernetes.io/master:" not found
taint "node-role.kubernetes.io/master:" not found

This will remove the node-role.kubernetes.io/master taint from any nodes that have it, including the master node, meaning that the scheduler will then be able to schedule pods everywhere.

ノードの追加

The nodes are where your workloads (containers and pods, etc) run. To add new nodes to your cluster do the following for each machine:

• SSH to the machine
• Become root (e.g. sudo su -)
• Run the command that was output by kubeadm init. For example:

kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

If you do not have the token, you can get it by running the following command on the master node:

kubeadm token list

The output is similar to this:

TOKEN                    TTL  EXPIRES              USAGES           DESCRIPTION            EXTRA GROUPS
8ewj1p.9r9hcjoqgajrj4gi  23h  2018-06-12T02:51:28Z authentication,  The default bootstrap  system:
                                                   signing          token generated by     bootstrappers:
                                                                    'kubeadm init'.        kubeadm:
                                                                                           default-node-token

By default, tokens expire after 24 hours. If you are joining a node to the cluster after the current token has expired, you can create a new token by running the following command on the master node:

kubeadm token create

The output is similar to this:

5didvk.d09sbcov8ph2amjw

If you don’t have the value of --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash, you can get it by running the following command chain on the master node:

openssl x509 -pubkey -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | \
   openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'

The output is similar to this:

8cb2de97839780a412b93877f8507ad6c94f73add17d5d7058e91741c9d5ec78

Note: To specify an IPv6 tuple for <master-ip>:<master-port>, IPv6 address must be enclosed in square brackets, for example: [fd00::101]:2073.

The output should look something like:

[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

... (log output of join workflow) ...

Node join complete:
* Certificate signing request sent to master and response
  received.
* Kubelet informed of new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this machine join.

A few seconds later, you should notice this node in the output from kubectl get nodes when run on the master.

(任意) マスター以外のマシンからのクラスター操作

In order to get a kubectl on some other computer (e.g. laptop) to talk to your cluster, you need to copy the administrator kubeconfig file from your master to your workstation like this:

scp root@<master ip>:/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf .
kubectl --kubeconfig ./admin.conf get nodes

Note:

The example above assumes SSH access is enabled for root. If that is not the case, you can copy the admin.conf file to be accessible by some other user and scp using that other user instead.

The admin.conf file gives the user superuser privileges over the cluster. This file should be used sparingly. For normal users, it’s recommended to generate an unique credential to which you whitelist privileges. You can do this with the kubeadm alpha kubeconfig user --client-name <CN> command. That command will print out a KubeConfig file to STDOUT which you should save to a file and distribute to your user. After that, whitelist privileges by using kubectl create (cluster)rolebinding.

(任意) APIサーバーをlocalhostへプロキシ

If you want to connect to the API Server from outside the cluster you can use kubectl proxy:

scp root@<master ip>:/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf .
kubectl --kubeconfig ./admin.conf proxy

You can now access the API Server locally at http://localhost:8001/api/v1

クラスターの削除

To undo what kubeadm did, you should first drain the node and make sure that the node is empty before shutting it down.

Talking to the master with the appropriate credentials, run:

kubectl drain <node name> --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets
kubectl delete node <node name>

Then, on the node being removed, reset all kubeadm installed state:

kubeadm reset

If you wish to start over simply run kubeadm init or kubeadm join with the appropriate arguments.

More options and information about the kubeadm reset command.

クラスターの維持

Instructions for maintaining kubeadm clusters (e.g. upgrades,downgrades, etc.) can be found here.

他アドオンの参照

See the list of add-ons to explore other add-ons, including tools for logging, monitoring, network policy, visualization & control of your Kubernetes cluster.

次の手順

• Verify that your cluster is running properly with Sonobuoy
• Learn about kubeadm’s advanced usage in the kubeadm reference documentation
• Learn more about Kubernetes concepts and kubectl.
• Configure log rotation. You can use logrotate for that. When using Docker, you can specify log rotation options for Docker daemon, for example --log-driver=json-file --log-opt=max-size=10m --log-opt=max-file=5. See Configure and troubleshoot the Docker daemon for more details.

フィードバック

• For bugs, visit kubeadm Github issue tracker
• For support, visit kubeadm Slack Channel: #kubeadm
• General SIG Cluster Lifecycle Development Slack Channel: #sig-cluster-lifecycle
• SIG Cluster Lifecycle SIG information
• SIG Cluster Lifecycle Mailing List: kubernetes-sig-cluster-lifecycle

バージョン互換ポリシー

The kubeadm CLI tool of version vX.Y may deploy clusters with a control plane of version vX.Y or vX.(Y-1). kubeadm CLI vX.Y can also upgrade an existing kubeadm-created cluster of version vX.(Y-1).

Due to that we can’t see into the future, kubeadm CLI vX.Y may or may not be able to deploy vX.(Y+1) clusters.

Example: kubeadm v1.8 can deploy both v1.7 and v1.8 clusters and upgrade v1.7 kubeadm-created clusters to v1.8.

Please also check our installation guide for more information on the version skew between kubelets and the control plane.

kubeadmは様々なプラットフォームで動く

kubeadm deb/rpm packages and binaries are built for amd64, arm (32-bit), arm64, ppc64le, and s390x following the multi-platform proposal.

Multiplatform container images for the control plane and addons are also supported since v1.12.

Only some of the network providers offer solutions for all platforms. Please consult the list of network providers above or the documentation from each provider to figure out whether the provider supports your chosen platform.

制限事項

Please note: kubeadm is a work in progress and these limitations will be addressed in due course.

1. The cluster created here has a single master, with a single etcd database running on it. This means that if the master fails, your cluster may lose data and may need to be recreated from scratch. Adding HA support (multiple etcd servers, multiple API servers, etc) to kubeadm is still a work-in-progress.

Workaround: regularly back up etcd. The etcd data directory configured by kubeadm is at /var/lib/etcd on the master.

トラブルシューティング

If you are running into difficulties with kubeadm, please consult our troubleshooting docs.

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